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Research Glossary

Are the averages of two groups reliably different? An Independent Samples T-Test is used to...

Comparing Averages of Two or More Groups As we describe in this blog, most statistics...

An ANOVA tells us whether a statistically reliable difference exists between groups (e.g., Is the...

Do individuals or groups have preferences, or does their performance change over time? Repeated Measures...

Does a factor (or variable) influence a measure we are interested in – all other...

Does one factor influence a measure we are interested in by first influencing a third...

In statistics, a mediator is a factor that sits between an independent variable and a...

In statistics, a moderator is a variable that influences the strength of a relationship between...

Is there a third factor that is responsible for some or all of the relationship...

Do two things tend to change together? Correlation analysis measures whether changes in one thing...

Do two things still change together when we consider something else? Partial correlation analysis is...

How do multiple factors influence a specific outcome or measure? And, how much of the...

Does one thing predict another thing? Linear regression is a basic form of multiple regression...

Do different groups have different preferences or outcomes? The chi-square test is a statistical method...

Logistic regression is like multiple regression, but is used when the outcome variable is binary...

Statistical significance is a measure of how reliably a study’s findings represent the real world....

Statistical significance is a measure of how reliably a finding represents the population or real-world...

In statistics, p-values measure the likelihood that the relationship(s) you are testing occurred as a...

A variable – also referred to as a factor – is a entity that has...

An independent variable is the factor that you suspect influences an outcome you are interested...

A dependent variable is an outcome that you are measuring and is often referred to...

Between subjects effects refer to how differences between subjects (people, teams, organizations, companies, etc.) affect...

Within subjects effects refer to effects that result from changes in the subjects, or differences...

The world is a very complex place. Even in the relatively controlled world of B2B,...

A/B testing is a method used in business-to-business (B2B) contexts to compare two versions of...

Statistical power refers to the probability that a statistical test will return an accurate result....

Power analysis is a method used to determine the minimum sample size needed for a...

Type I errors, also known as false positives, occur when a predictive model or statistical...

Type II errors are false negatives. They occur when a predictive model or statistical test...

For many things that can be measured in the real world, such as heights, baby...

A bell curve is a graphical depiction of a normal distribution. Bell curves have distinct...

For any measure we might take, there will be a range from the lowest value...

When we measure a sample of anything, we end up with an exact number, typically...

In our summary of confidence intervals, we discuss their purpose and utility across statistical analyses....

In many statistical charts, such as bar charts and line charts, there are lines that...

When researchers say that they are “controlling for” something, what they mean is they are...

Effect size is a measure of the magnitude of a finding of statistical significance. As...

Centering variables is a very simple, but very powerful research tool. All it involves is...

Z-scores are a more sophisticated form of centering. Z-scores further refine centering to allow researchers...

The discussion of z-scores and centering may have reminded you of something we are all...

As described here, statistical significance measures how much confidence you can have that a result...

Whenever we take measurements of things in the real world, there are factors that impact...

Descriptive statistics simply describe the data we have but don’t tell us anything about what...

Inferential statistics help us make generalizations or predictions about what we are measuring, based on...

Variability refers to the natural differences we see in outcomes or results. For example, organizations...

Qualitative data cannot be measured numerically, but instead is observational or categorical in nature. Qualitative...

Quantitative data is countable and numbers-based. Quantitative data allows us to answer questions about how...

Every statistical test – in fact, every comparison of every kind – that we do...

The appropriate sample size for a study depends on a number of different factors such...

When we measure anything, the measurements will form a range from low to high. That’s...

Addressing missing and outlier data are common challenges in research. It’s not unusual to encounter...

Choosing the right statistical test depends on the data you have and the research question...

In research, an outlier is a data point that falls outside of the expected range...

Exploratory Factor Analysis is a technique used to identify underlying relationships between variables. It helps...

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